March 2016

<div style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.5em;"> <b style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;">              </b></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <b style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;"><img border="0" height="207" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh8WX4BOKXlRLBI4mvBSAvKUMgUGq1A8C7Kh1paLbO6_k-WVqFGGhXtmeWJUG23NnJd4LAvdQqEBMc8Sg0h8_SF6mIx8NAazNgsNxff5GpGcaREojZBp0UWorz6VTp9yuFSw3MW-KEttV0/s320/1.jpg" width="320" /></b></div> <br /> <div style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.5em;"> <b style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;"><br /></b></div> <div style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.5em;"> <b style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;"><br /></b></div> <div style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.5em;"> <b style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;"><br /></b></div> <div style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.5em;"> <b style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;">Computer programming</b><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;"> (often shortened to </span><b style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;">programming</b><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;">) is a process that leads from an original formulation of a computing problem to </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executable" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px; text-decoration: none;" title="Executable">executable</a><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;">computer programs. Programming involves activities such as analysis, developing understanding, generating algorithms, verification of requirements of algorithms including their correctness and resources consumption, and implementation (commonly referred to as </span><b><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;">coding</span><span style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 11.2px;">)</span></b><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;"> of algorithms in a targetprogramming language. Source code is written in one or more </span>programming languages<span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;">. The purpose of programming is to find a sequence of instructions that will automate performing a specific task or solving a given problem. The process of programming thus often requires expertise in many different subjects, including knowledge of the </span>application domain<span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;">, specialized algorithms and </span>formal logic<span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;">.</span></div> <div style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.5em;"> Related tasks include testing, debugging, and maintaining the source code, implementation of the build system, and management of derived artifacts such as machine code of computer programs. These might be considered part of the programming process, but often the term <i>software development</i> is used for this larger process with the term <i>programming</i>, <i>implementation</i>, or <i>coding</i>reserved for the actual writing of source code. Software engineering combines<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineering" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Engineering">engineering</a> techniques with software development practices.</div> <div style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.5em;"> <br /></div> <h2 style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 22.4px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.5em;"> <span style="color: red; font-size: x-large;">Overview</span></h2> <div> <span style="font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div> <div> <div style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.5em;"> Within software engineering, programming (the <i>implementation</i>) is regarded as one phase in a software development process.</div> <div style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.5em;"> There is an ongoing debate on the extent to which the writing of programs is an <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Art">art</a> form, a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craft" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Craft">craft</a>, or an engineeringdiscipline. In general, good programming is considered to be the measured application of all three, with the goal of producing an efficient and evolvable software solution (the criteria for "efficient" and "evolvable" vary considerably). The discipline differs from many other technical professions in that programmers, in general, do not need to be licensed or pass any standardized (or governmentally regulated) certification tests in order to call themselves "programmers" or even "software engineers." Because the discipline covers many areas, which may or may not include critical applications, it is debatable whether licensing is required for the profession as a whole. In most cases, the discipline is self-governed by the entities which require the programming, and sometimes very strict environments are defined (e.g. United States Air Forceuse of AdaCore and security clearance). However, representing oneself as a "professional software engineer" without a license from an accredited institution is illegal in many parts of the world.</div> <div style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.5em;"> <span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;">Another ongoing debate is the extent to which the programming language used in writing computer programs affects the form that the final program takes.This debate is analogous to that surrounding the Sapir–Whorf hypothesis</span><span style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 11.2px;">.</span><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;">in linguistics and </span>cognitive science<span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;">, which postulates that a particular spoken language's nature influences the habitual thought of its speakers. Different language patterns yield different patterns of </span>thought<span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;">. This idea challenges the possibility of representing the world perfectly with language, because it acknowledges that the mechanisms of any language condition the thoughts of its speaker community.</span></div> <div style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.5em;"> <span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;"><br /></span></div> <h2 style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.5em;"> <span style="line-height: 22.4px;"><span style="color: red; font-size: x-large;">Modern Programming</span></span></h2> <div style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.5em;"> <span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;"><br /></span></div> <div style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.5em;"> <span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;"><br /></span></div> <h3 style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); border-bottom-style: none; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"> <span class="mw-headline" id="Quality_requirements">Quality requirements</span></h3> <div style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.5em;"> Whatever the approach to development may be, the final program must satisfy some fundamental properties. The following properties are among the most important:</div> <ul style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px; list-style-image: url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%3F%3E%0A%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20version%3D%221.1%22%20width%3D%225%22%20height%3D%2213%22%3E%0A%3Ccircle%20cx%3D%222.5%22%20cy%3D%229.5%22%20r%3D%222.5%22%20fill%3D%22%2300528c%22%2F%3E%0A%3C%2Fsvg%3E%0A"); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;"> <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Reliability: how often the results of a program are correct. This depends on conceptual correctness of algorithms, and minimization of programming mistakes, such as mistakes in resource management (e.g., buffer overflows and race conditions) and logic errors (such as division by zero or off-by-one errors).</li> <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Robustness: how well a program anticipates problems due to errors (not bugs). This includes situations such as incorrect, inappropriate or corrupt data, unavailability of needed resources such as memory, operating system services and network connections, user error, and unexpected power outages.</li> <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Usability: the ergonomics of a program: the ease with which a person can use the program for its intended purpose or in some cases even unanticipated purposes. Such issues can make or break its success even regardless of other issues. This involves a wide range of textual, graphical and sometimes hardware elements that improve the clarity, intuitiveness, cohesiveness and completeness of a program's user interface.</li> <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Portability: the range of computer hardware and operating system platforms on which the source code of a program can be compiled/interpreted and run. This depends on differences in the programming facilities provided by the different platforms, including hardware and operating system resources, expected behavior of the hardware and operating system, and availability of platform specific compilers (and sometimes libraries) for the language of the source code.</li> <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Maintainability: the ease with which a program can be modified by its present or future developers in order to make improvements or customizations, fix bugs and security holes, or adapt it to new environments. Good practices during initial development make the difference in this regard. This quality may not be directly apparent to the end user but it can significantly affect the fate of a program over the long term.</li> <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algorithmic_efficiency" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Algorithmic efficiency">Efficiency</a>/performance: the amount of system resources a program consumes (processor time, memory space, slow devices such as disks, network bandwidth and to some extent even user interaction): the less, the better. This also includes careful management of resources, for example cleaning up temporary files and eliminating memory leaks.</li> </ul> <h3 style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); border-bottom-style: none; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"> <span class="mw-headline" id="Readability_of_source_code">Readability of source code</span></h3> <div style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.5em;"> In computer programming, readability refers to the ease with which a human reader can comprehend the purpose, control flow, and operation of source code. It affects the aspects of quality above, including portability, usability and most importantly maintainability.</div> <div style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.5em;"> Readability is important because programmers spend the majority of their time reading, trying to understand and modifying existing source code, rather than writing new source code. Unreadable code often leads to bugs, inefficiencies, andduplicated code. A study<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-15" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_programming#cite_note-15" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[</a></sup> found that a few simple readability transformations made code shorter and drastically reduced the time to understand it.</div> <div style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.5em;"> Following a consistent programming style often helps readability. However, readability is more than just programming style. Many factors, having little or nothing to do with the ability of the computer to efficiently compile and execute the code, contribute to readability Some of these factors include:</div> <ul style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px; list-style-image: url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%3F%3E%0A%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20version%3D%221.1%22%20width%3D%225%22%20height%3D%2213%22%3E%0A%3Ccircle%20cx%3D%222.5%22%20cy%3D%229.5%22%20r%3D%222.5%22%20fill%3D%22%2300528c%22%2F%3E%0A%3C%2Fsvg%3E%0A"); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;"> <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Different indentation styles (whitespace)</li> <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Comments</li> <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Decomposition</li> <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Naming conventions for objects (such as variables, classes, procedures, etc.)</li> </ul> <div style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.5em;"> Various visual programming languages have also been developed with the intent to resolve readability concerns by adopting non-traditional approaches to code structure and display. Techniques like Code refactoring can enhance readability.</div> </div>

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